Bacterial Diseases Risk and Treatment

Bacterial Diseases Risk Factors:

Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and lower surface of Earth. They can be founded food, water, soil,animals and also plants. Alike, human body is the home for a variety of bacteria.

Bacterial diseases are infected and can result in many serious or life-threatening problems, such as bloodstream harming (bacteremia), renal failing, and and toxic shock problem. Bacterial diseases has limitation on age and days rather anyone can be effected in any age. Despite there are a number of issues that can increase the risk of bacterial infection on human body. Risk factors for bacterial diseases include:

Factors those influence the risk of bacterial attack:

• Age: Babies are at greater threat for microbial meningitis than individuals in other age categories. However, individuals of any age are at threat. See the table above for which infection more generally impact on which age categories.

• Community Environment: Infectious diseases are spread usually quickly where a community people stay together. Crowd accommodation like students dormitories, military mess, orphanage center and even commercial hotels are at high risk for distributing bacterial disease.

• Several Medical Status: There are certain medical complexity and surgical procedures that cause infection from the use of polluted medical equipment. It may weaken the immune system and cause bacterial attack on human body.

• Nutritional status. Every human being requires a balanced diet that provides necessary nutritional value and natural vitamins for efficient and effective defense reaction. Immune function is affected by factors including hormonal status, age, and nutritional position. Lack of nutrition results in a weak immune system that increases the risk of disease.

• Travel to New Place: This factor is related with natural environment. Travelers reach from one place to another and try to adjust with new environment, temperature, daylight time, food habit etc. Their immune system try to survive in new environment. But at the beginning, it requires time. As a result , they can easily affected with bacterial disease.

• Bacterial Infection: Bacterial infections can also be done by a variety of bacteria at human body injury location. Old injury or some unwashed body parts with cutting injury can easily affected by bacteria and initialize an infection.Hospitalized patients suffering from long day injury problem can be affected with bacterial infection.

• Increase of Probiotics: Probiotics are any food supplement with live bacteria that replace the good bacteria generally available in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic strain is unique of its genus and species. So, the condition and its effects are different for every case and can not remove by common medicine.

Bacterial Diseases treatment:

Bacterial diseases are cured with antibiotics. Antibiotics work by eliminating the harmful bacteria or by avoiding them from growing and spreading. Different kinds of medications are effective for treating specific types of harmful bacteria. Antibiotics can be taken by mouth or through injection based on the type and harshness of bacterial disease seriousness and other factors.

        

Common types of antibiotics are:             

• Aminoglycosides
• Cephalosporins (cephems)
• Macrolides
• Quinolones
• Penicillins (penams)
• Tetracyclines

  Treatment of bacterial infections also includes:           

• Good nutrition
• Rest
• Change food habit
• Prescribed medications
• Hospitalization

Protection of the distribute of harmful bacteria that cause bacterial illness is subject to frequent hand cleaning and covering the nasal area with a cloth or tissue during sneezing or coughing. It is also necessary to restrict the contact with a person having bacterial infection.

Bacterial Diseases Symptoms

Signs Of Bacterial Diseases

Tuberculosis

Bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the infection in lungs and tuberculosis disease. It produces acidic toxin that affects for high fever.

Diphtheria

This is caused by the bacteria corynebacterium diphtheriae. It attacks the respiratory membranes and blocks the respiratory passage and result complexity in breathing.

Whooping Cough

Bacillus Pertussis causes this disease. The symptoms is mild fever and an irritating cough. Cough gradually increase and appear as paroxysmal (whooping).

Cholera

Cholera caused by vibrio comma bacteria. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Symptoms of this disease are vomiting, muscular cramps, diarrhoea and dehydration.

Diarrhoea

This disease results from the food poisoning. Responsible bacteria for these diseases are Escherichia coli, Shigella, Camylo bacteria and Salmonella.

Leprosy

It is caused by a bacterium named Mycobacterium leprae and caused the chronic infection on the tissues and skin. The symptoms for Leprosy are Scabs, Ulcers, Nodules, Deformities of Fingers and damaging of skins. The infected part of the body become Senseless.

Tetanus

A complex harmful bacteria is responsible for this disease: Clostridium Tetani. The bacteria attack the body via damage skin or through  injured body part. The disease is symbolized with pain in attacking parts or muscles. It takes about one or two weeks for bacteria to show first symptoms.

Pneumonia

It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is inflammatory disease of lungs and  characterized by sudden chest pain, cough, rapid shallow breathing and high temperature.

Typhoid

Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi which is found in the intestine of humans. This disease spreads through water, milk and food. Food items are mixed with discharges either directly or through flies and personal hygiene. Common symptoms of this disease are headache, fever, diarrhoea, gastric pain, disorder of immune system like ulceration etc.

Plague

Generally, Plague is the disease of rat. But is also affected to human body. It is caused by linear shaped bacteria Pasteurella and results rat flea.

Anthrax

It is a serious infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is common for animals. It is commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower animals including goat, sheep, cattle, camel etc. But it can also occur in humans when they are close to infected animals.

Gonorrhoea

This disease is affected by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It also denotes a sexual disease also since it is transmitted through sexual touch and infected the mucous membrane of the urinogenital part.

Syphilis

It is another sexual disease caused by a bacteria named Treponema Pilludum. It also transferred from affected body to another body by sexual contacts.

Bacterial Diseases

What are Bacterial Diseases:

Bacterial diseases are human illness caused by bacteria. Being Bacteria microorganism and tiny forms of life that can be visualized with an electronic microscope. Viruses, some fungi and some parasites are also microorganisms.

Not all types of bacteria are harmful for health. They even necessary for good health. But most of them cause bacterial infections and disease. The good ones need to survive our life, to digest our food (in our intestines) and to live on our skin and in our mouth. Bacterial diseases occur when harmful bacteria get into the body and reproducing same grow in tissues that are normally sterile. Harmful bacteria may also eject toxins that damage the cell. 

Table: Harmful Bacteria with Negative affect. Name of Bacteria Aftereffect Botulism Food poisoning, paralysis. Bacillus anthracis Anthrax Bacillus cereus Food poisoning Clostridium perfringens Clostridial myonecrosis (gas gangrene) Clostridium tetani Tetanus Corynebacterium diphtheriae Diphtheria Escherichia coli Diarrhea, food poisoning. Mycobacterium leprae Leprosy Mycobacterium tuberculosis Tuberculosis Salmonella species Salmonella Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever Salmonella typhimurium Salmonella gastroenteritis Shigella dysenteriae Bacillary dysentery Shigella species Shigellosis Yersinia enterocolitica Yersiniosis, gastroenteritis Legionella pneumophila Legionnaire's disease Yersinia pestis Plague    Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Mesenteric lymphadenitis Chlamydia Chlamydia trachomatis Trachoma, conjunctivitis Coccobacillus Bordetella pertussis Pertussis (whooping cough) Brucella species Undulant fever Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis, bacterial pneumonia Hemophilus pertussis Pertussis (whooping cough) Coccus Neisseria gonorrhoeae Gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease Neisseria meningitidis Meningitis Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia, toxic shock syndrome, skin infections, meningitis Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumonia, ear infections, meningitis Streptococcus pyogenes Strep throat, rheumatic fever Streptococcus species Scarlet fever, puerperal fever Listeria Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis, meningitis, intrauterine infections Rickettsia Rickettsia prowazekii Epidemic typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease (spread by lice) Rickettsia rickettsii Rocky Mountain spotted fever (spread by ticks) Rickettsia typhi Endemic typhus (murine typhus, spread by rat fleas) Spirillum Campylobacter fetus jejuni Campylobacteriosis (bacterial diarrheal illness) Spirillum minor Rat-bite fever Spirochete Treponema pallidum Syphilis Vibrio Aeromonas hydrophila Gastroenteritis, septicemia, cellulitis, wound infections, urinary tract infections Plesiomonas shigelloides Gastroenteritis, diarrhea Vibrio cholerae 01 Epidemic cholera Vibrio parahaemolyticus V. parahaemolyticus-associated gastroenteritis Vibrio vulnificus Wound infections, gastroenteritis, primary septicemia Helicobacter pylori gastritis and ulcers Neisseria  meningitidis meningitis
Fig: Prototype of Good and Harm Bacteria. Table: Good Bacteria with Positive affect. Name Of Bacteria Positive Affect Lactobacillus fermentation process Clostridium butylicus separate fibers of jute, hemp, flax, etc Clostridium butyclicum commercial preparation of riboflavin Lactobacillus Acidophilus in yogurt cultures and in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Lactobacillus Rhamnosus proven beneficial effects on intestinal immunity. Bifidobacterium Animalis to improve digestive regularity. Used with irritable bowel syndrome or chronic constipation. Escherichia Coli enhancing reproductive, digestive and immune health Lactococcus Lactis butter and cheese are manufactured using appropriate strains of L. lactis. Lactobacillus Reuteri for some of the immuno supportive and anti-gas effects associated with breastfeeding. Good & Bad Effects of Bacteria: Like all things in nature, Bacteria are associated with positives and negatives impact on human health. They are required to live all forms of life but  they have capacity to destroy it as well.                  Aid Digestion                                                                         Good bacteria in the digestive tract---intestinal flora---assist in the digestion of food and minerals and aid in the production of vitamins.                                                                                                                                  Protection Against Toxins                                                                      When the number of negative bacteria increases, positive bacteria change gradually conditions for their survival and growth. Thus prevent most of the toxins produced by bad bacteria from invading the body. Food Production  Some foods in bakery are made  by bacteria multiply and emit enzyme. The end product shapes the food that is yogurt, cheese. Aid Immune System                                                                         Probiotic (good) bacteria assist for better the immune system. Their eject enzyme helpful in fighting illness and disease. They are currently under research as a possible cure for diseases such as cancer. Bacterial Disease                                                                          Salmonella bacterium causes diarrhea. It can also be caused by eating foods that affected by diarrhea-causing bacteria such as dried foods and foods keeping open at room temperature for long periods. Bacteria cause many cases of gastroenteritis, sometimes called stomach flu. The most common bacterial disease is tooth decay. Dental plaque, the sticky yellow layer on our teeth, consists primarily of masses of mutans streptococci. This bacteria ferment (split) the sugar we eat and produce acids that can reduce the enamel of the teeth and create cavities in the teeth. Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. Bacillus anthracis bacteria causes spores in human body, a form of the germ covered by a protective shell. tiny amount of anthrax spores can be aerosolized and inhaled by humans and result in bitterness and mortality. Gonorrhea is a sexual disease caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another through vaginal or anal sex, although the person who is infected has no symptoms. Other serious bacterial diseases include cholera, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, and syphilis.                                                  Food Poisoning Food poisoning comes from eating foods that contain germs like bad bacteria or toxins. Bacteria like Salmonella, Listeria, Campylobacter, E. coli are responsible for it. People infected with food pollution may be symptom-free or may have symptoms ranging from mild intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea.

Bacterial resistance to Antibiotics

1. Introduction:

1.1 What is Antibiotic:

An antibiotic is a drug which prevent the advancement of bacteria or kills it. The word antibiotic comes from the Greek anti , that means “against” and bios means “life”.Other Way,  Antibiotics are also known as antibacterials which are used to treat infections compel by bacteria. [1]

Antibiotics are one clan of "antimicrobials", a colossal group which also comprise anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-parasitic drugs. They are almost harmless to the host, and also can be used to treat infection. The term originally described only those conception acquired from living organisms, but is now adapted also to synthetic antimicrobials, as like as the sulfonamides. 

1.2 How Antibiotics affect Bacteria:

There are a few number of various types of antibiotic which are work in one of two ways:

1. The bacteria are killed by a bactericidal antibiotic. Penicillin is one kind of bactericidal. A bactericidal frequently either prevent the formation of the bacterium's cell wall or the particles of cell.
2. A bacteriostatic usually stops bacteria from generate.

There are various type of classes of antibiotics have been discovered and are use in fighting bacterial infections. Every class of antibiotics has its own mode of action or MOA. Basically the mode of action is how the drug works to damage or kill bacteria.

1. Penicillins: correlated to a class of antibiotics which is called B-lactams, the class of drugs impede with peptidoglycan cell wall structure. Human cells have no cells walls or peptidoglycan, for that case these are not harmed by Beta-lactam drugs.
2.  Tetracyclines: Extensive spectrum antibiotics which can disable bacteria by intercede with the cell’s capacity to make proteins. Therefore human cells besides produce proteins, the protein-making amoebic machinery is changed from eukaryotic cells, so it is not damaged by Tetracycline.
3.  Quinolones: This class of antibiotics conflict with the bacterial cell’s capacity to copy its DNA; before a cell can separate and multiply something need to be done. The eukaryotic DNA of human cells is wrapped distinctively, so its replication is not attenuate by Quinolones.

1.3 How Bacteria become resistant to Antibiotics: 

Bacterial resistant to antibiotics occur mainly by the misuse of antibiotics. For example, if a patient is prescribed by physician for antibiotic with 10 days course, say penicillin, for 10 days, many people may stop taking the penicillin after they feel good, and would instead stockpile the antibiotic, expecting to preserve it for later use. In general an antibiotic does not destroy all bacteria at a time, and it does not destroy bacteria randomly.  The bacteria removed first are those which are most subject to the antibiotic, making those which are more proof, and which bring level of resistance genetics.

Additionally, genetic material which provides for bacterial resistance can be spread among different types of bacteria in its lifecycle through a process known as conjugation. In this re-developed where bacteria form plasmids through enzyme, basically capsules consists of genetic material, which are transferred from one to many bacteria. 

Bacteria can achieve resistance against antibiotic by two primary ways:

        

a. By Mutation:

One of the antibiotic working mechanism is inactivating an essential part of bacterial protein. Organic change can be removed that protein. Again mutations in the active part can prevent the antibiotic from binding or if it does bind, prevent it from inactivating the target portion of bacteria.

Additionally, bacteria can produce an antibiotic-inactivating enzyme. As well, they may change the construction of its cell membrane or  grow organic wall to the antibiotic.

        

b. Transfer of Antibiotic-resistant genes:

This is another way to gain resistance for bacteria. This mechanism transfers an existing antibiotic-resistant gene from one bacterium to another bacterium. Famous microbiologist Dr. John Turnidge, says they directly borrow their resistance genes from neighboring bacterium. "They are the simple but original life forms almost, so for the millions of years they’ve had a chance to work out ways to survive and one of those is to borrow genes from other bacteria to survive." [3]

Fig: Bacterial resistance against Antibiotic [4]

2. Discussion:

Improper use of antibiotic drugs have turned out to be the main health risk for public and it is blamed that very soon, common infections are unlikely to cure for treatment with antibiotic drugs no more. As a result of such extreme use as well as abuse of antibiotics, we have actually ignored the truth that nature offers its own ways of attacking back and producing multi-resistant bacterial strains. 

2.1 What is it:

Antibiotic resistance in human body is a growing threat for public health in now a days. It appears due to strains of bacteria in the human body become resistant against antibiotics due to excess and misuse of antibiotics.

2.2 How many people affect:

With growing of infectious disease on human health, now 190 million of antibiotics courses are applied each day in hospitals. Additionally for non-hospitalized patients, more than 133 million courses of antibiotics are advised by physicians each year. It is approximated that 50 percent of these latter solutions are needless since they are being recommended for the common cold, coughs and other attacks. [5]

2.3 Common reasons:

It is common practice for patients to assume or ask their doctors to prescribe antibiotics in their sickness or in common disease like catch cold. Patients are not conscious about infection either it is viral or bacterial but antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and by nature common cold is a viral infection. The only true way to know if any cold, cough and fever or sickness is a bacterial infection and possible chance of treating with antibiotics is  to test it advised by physician. If that test results come positive for bacterial infection, then antibiotics can be prescribed to cure the disease. There is no definite way of identifying whether a cold or sickness is a bacterial infection or not without pathological test.

The improper use and abuse of antibiotics increase the chance of the development of antibiotic resistance. The most common abuse are:

1. Physicians prescribing antibiotics for viral infections
2. Take incomplete dosage of the antibiotic. When an antibiotic course is not finished fully, it leaves some bacteria alive and those resistant against antibiotic.

2.4 Bacterial mechanisms of Antibiotic resistance:

Various mechanisms have developed in bacteria which allow them with antibiotic resistance. These mechanisms can whatever organic change the antibiotic, deliver it inactive through physical removal from the cell, or modify active part so that it is not committed by the antibiotic.

The most common mode is organic inactivation of the antibiotic. An existing cell enzyme is reproduced to respond with the antibiotic in such a way that it has minimal effects for the microorganism. An alternative action applied by many bacteria is the differences of the antibiotic active portion. These mechanisms are shown in the the figure below.

Fig: Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

2.5 Prevention:

Bacteria employ several devices to stave off antibiotic attack. Some antibiotics must accumulate inside the bacteria to be effective, and bacteria have pumps on the cell membrane to expel the drug before it has a chance to reach its intracellular targets. If a mutation allows a bacterial cell to overproduce membrane pumps, it will eject the drug faster than it can diffuse in. The drug concentration inside the cell will remain low, and the bacterium will survive.

The best way to slow down antibiotic resistance is to couple different dose of drugs in a course of treatment. The bacterial strain randomly converting an immunity to one antibiotic medicine is low, but considering the millions of cells in a single infection and thus different types infections that may appear after long time in human body. Applying different level of multiple drugs simultaneously, require that survival strain to be developed multiple resistances. It results in dramatically lower than the possibility of a strain growing resistance to a single drug. Thus survive all these antibacterial treatments may become less effective against the immune system of bacteria.

Both doctor and patients must have cooperation to perform in reducing the misuse of antibiotics. Antibiotics should only be prescribed in bacterial infection present at human body and it can be assured by pathological test. Antibiotics are not applied against viral infection. On the contrary, patients can ask about their infection to their physicians and thus prevent unnecessary prescribing antibiotics when they are not needed. Taking antibiotics when patient have a viral infection not only waste time and money, but also do harm for health and  increase the chance of antibiotic resistance.[6]

3. Conclusion:

The increased use and in some cases abuse of antibiotic has effected in bacterial resistance in human health. Although research for newer and more effective antibiotics are going on, necessary steps must be taken to reverse the practices that increase antibiotic resistance in bacteria. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has concerned on it and directed Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring program which conceal the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. 

Patients should ask their doctor about infection whether it is viral or bacterial disease. Physicians should also change their prescribing practices. They can reduce misuse of antibiotic drugs and only prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infection. [7]

Antibiotic resistance is a crucial community health problem.Some bacteria that are able to produce serious human disease are becoming immune to most generally available antibiotics. Generally antibiotic resistant bacteria can expand from individual to individual in the society or from patient to others in hospital. Careful infection control procedures will reduce propagate of these bacteria in hospitals. Good personal hygiene and practice of being clean will lower the risk of spreading of these bacteria in the community. Accurate prescribing of antibiotics will minimize the development chance of more antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria.[8]

References:

1. What Are Antibiotics? website: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10278.php

2. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics. ©  2009 Kenneth Todar PhD .

website: http://textbookofbacteriology.net/themicrobialworld/bactresanti.html

3. Antibiotic-resistant genes. website: http://www.abc.net.au/science/slab/antibiotics/resistance.htm

4. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. website: http://orbit.dtu.dk/fedora/objects/orbit:55386/datastreams/file_3687727/content

5. Bacteriophages as potential new therapeutics to replace or supplement antibiotics by by                              Mzia Kutateladze,  Revaz Adamia

6. Antibiotic Resistance.

web site: http://www.acponline.org/patients_families/diseases_conditions/antibiotic_resistance/

7. ASM Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance. 1995. Report of the ASM Task Force

on Antibiotic Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; ther 1992;30(suppl A):9–14.

39(suppl):2–23.

8. Antibiotic resistant bacteria. website: http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/Antibiotic_resistant_bacteria